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Lumpy virus

Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a viral disease in cattle caused by the lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV).LSDV is one of the most important animal pox viruses because of the serious economic consequences in cattle. the three important members of the capripox genus are important pathogens. Lumpy skin disease virus, varicella virus, and goatpox virus are isolated from African cattle, sheep, and goats in Asia and Africa, respectively. The LSDV has antigenic similarities to sheeppox virus (SPPV) and goatpox virus (GTPV) or is similar in the immune response to these viruse. it cannot spread in humans as it is not a zoonotic virus. It is a communicable vector-borne disease transmitted by vectors such as mosquitoes, some horseflies, and ticks. Usually, animals like cows and water buffalo are affected by this virus. The disease can spread either through direct contact with the vectors or through contaminated feed and water

Geographical distribution

The disease was first observed in Zambia in 1929 and subsequently spread widely to most African countries, followed by Western Asia, Southeastern Europe, and Central Asia, and more recently in 2019, South Asia and China. The spread in South Asia first affected Bangladesh in July 2019 and then reached India in August of the same year, with the first cases being detected in Odisha and West Bengal

Pathogenesis

Viruses first replicate in epithelial cells at the site of entry and generate a localized infection, often with associated virus shedding directly into the environment from these sites. The spread of infection along epithelial surfaces happens by the sequential infection of neighboring cells, which, depending on the individual virus, may or may not precede spread into the adjacent sub-epithelial tissues and beyond.

In the skin, papillomaviruses and poxviruses such as viruses remain confined to the epidermis where they induce localized proliferative lesions, while other poxviruses such as lumpy skin disease virus spread widely after skin infection and involve other organ systems. Viruses enter the body through the

respiratory or intestinal tract can quickly cause widespread infection of the mucosal epithelium, so diseases associated with these infections progress rapidly after a short incubation period

Symptoms

1.    Fever- This initial fever can exceed 41°C (106°F) and last for a week

2.    reduced milk production and skin nodules-

3.    Mastitis, swelling of peripheral lymph nodes LSD affects the lymph nodes of the infected animal, causing the nodes to enlarge and appear like lumps on the skin, hence it is named so.

4.    loss of appetite-  related to lowered immune system function, feeling unwell, and having an upset stomach

5.    increased nasal discharge and watery eyes are also common

Temporary or permanent infertility in infected cows and bulls.

Secondary bacterial infections in the affected skin lesions can increase the severity and prolong the course of the disease

Treatment

Unfortunately, there are no specific antiviral drugs to treat lumpy skin disease. Supportive care can be the only treatment at currently for cattle. This may include treating skin lesions with wound care sprays and using antibiotics to prevent secondary skin infections and pneumonia. Anti-inflammatory painkillers can be used to keep affected animals hungry. Intravenous fluid administration may be beneficial; however, this may not be practical in the field. The lack of treatment options for the lumpy skin disease virus underscores the need for effective vaccination to prevent disease.