Hepatitis D virus can cause disease in people infected with hepatitis B, often transmitted through blood with symptoms such as fatigue, jaundice, dark urine.
Hepatitis D is a less common type of viral hepatitis caused by the hepatitis D virus (HDV). This virus can only cause disease in people infected with hepatitis B (HBV). The hepatitis D virus cannot replicate on its own because it needs the hepatitis B virus to complete its life cycle and make copies of itself. At low levels of HBV inhibition, it uses HBV's surface proteins to assemble new copies of itself. Therefore, when infected, liver damage occurs as a result of hepatitis D, not hepatitis B.
Hepatitis D includes two types of co-infection (concurrent infection with hepatitis B and D viruses) and superinfection (infection with hepatitis B for a while and then hepatitis D). Hepatitis D has a mortality rate of about 20%, with a high risk of complications into cirrhosis, liver failure and liver cancer. This type of hepatitis can cause an acute (short-term) infection and usually goes away on its own. In some people, the infection can persist and become chronic (long-term) causing progressive liver damage.
Hepatitis D is mainly spread through blood-to-blood contact such as sharing needles. Medical devices, instruments that come into contact with blood or clotting factors are not disinfected; Shared personal care items (such as razors at a hair salon) are also a source of infection .
Sexual transmission of hepatitis D can occur, but is uncommon, and mother-to-child transmission is rare. Hepatitis D is not spread through contaminated food or water, shared utensils, breastfeeding, kissing, coughing or sneezing.
Symptoms of hepatitis D vary according to the stage of acute or chronic infection. The acute phase develops soon after the infection is established and can last several weeks or months. The chronic phase can persist for years or even decades.
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Acute phase: Most people infected with hepatitis D have no obvious signs and symptoms during this stage. If the immune system clears the infection, you may not know you've been infected. If symptoms develop, it is difficult to distinguish them from other viral hepatitis. Common symptoms include: fatigue, nausea, fever, malaise, right upper abdominal pain, yellowing of the skin and eyes, dark urine, clay-colored stools.
Acute symptoms tend to clear up in 2-4 weeks, with jaundice taking longer to go away completely. In rare cases, acute hepatitis D infection can lead to fulminant hepatitis, which is potentially life-threatening causing liver tissue death (necrosis) and acute liver failure. Signs of fulminant hepatitis include jaundice, vomiting, abdominal swelling, confusion, tremors, and bad breath. This condition occurs in 1% of acute hepatitis B infections. When infected with hepatitis D, the risk of fulminant hepatitis increases 20 times.
Chronic phase: Chronic hepatitis D occurs when the immune system is unable to clear the virus. The infection can go unnoticed for years and even decades, causing liver damage that progresses silently without the person noticing.
The first signs of chronic hepatitis are often associated with the onset of cirrhosis, a buildup of scar tissue that impairs liver function. Symptoms may include: fatigue, yellowing of the skin and eyes, easy bruising and bleeding, red palms, varicose veins, enlarged spleen, ascites, muscle twitching...
Hepatitis D causes more cirrhosis and liver failure than other types of viral hepatitis, especially in people with HDV superinfection. People with chronic hepatitis D are twice as likely to develop liver cancer as people with hepatitis B alone.
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, there is currently no specific treatment for acute hepatitis D and hepatitis B. People with chronic hepatitis B should see a specialist for measures to stop the virus from multiplying and reduce the risk of hepatitis D. Antiretroviral drugs commonly used to treat HBV are also used for HDV but are more common. has little effect on HDV. Certain medications given below are also used to reduce the amount of hepatitis D virus in the blood.
Hepatitis D cannot be cured, the best way to prevent hepatitis D is to prevent hepatitis B by getting vaccinated. Take care of your liver with good lifestyle habits that help limit liver disease such as avoiding alcohol, not or quitting smoking, limiting saturated fat and sugar, avoiding raw shellfish, and eating healthy and nutritious foods. . Some drugs can cause liver damage, ask your doctor before use. Vaccination against hepatitis A can prevent further damage to the liver, protecting against this common hepatitis for up to 25 years.
Symptoms of meningitis can appear in any order.
Some may not appear at all.
In the early stages, there may not be a rash, or the rash may fade on pressure.
You should get medical help incontinently if you are concerned about yourself or your child.
