When an egg is released from the ovary at ovulation during the menstrual cycle, the remaining ovarian follicle (which contained the egg) forms the corpus luteum, which secretes the hormone progesterone (and other hormones such as oestradiol). As an egg is fertilised and implants, it generates Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG), which ensures the corpus luteum's survival. Progesterone, along with oestradiol and other hormones, will thereafter continue to be produced by the corpus luteum, acting on the endometrium, also known as the "decidua" during pregnancy, to sustain the pregnancy.
In the absence of implantation, Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG) levels drop, the corpus luteum expires, and progesterone production stops. When progesterone levels decline, the uterine lining sheds (menstruation), and as a result of the loss of the negative feedback, the pituitary gland releases more follicle stimulating hormone (and to a lesser extent, luteinizing hormone) to start the next menstrual cycle.
The hormone plays a crucial role in maintaining the health of the developing fetus during pregnancy. It is also used in fertility treatments to trigger ovulation and support the growth of the corpus luteum. Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG)is used in weight loss programs and cancer treatment, although its effectiveness in these areas is still a matter of debate.
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG) levels can help doctors detect potential pregnancy issues, such as miscarriage. Many times, people are told that a miscarriage is imminent if their Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG) levels drop over the course of two to three days in the first trimester in two quantitative hCG blood tests. This is particularly valid for those who also have other miscarriage symptoms, such vaginal bleeding.
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