
The Kingdom of Gauda, a historical region located in the northern part
of Western Bengal and encompassing most of North Bengal, represents a significant chapter in India's rich tapestry of ancient polities. Notably referenced in the Arthashastra by Chanakya, Gauda's prominence is underscored by its strategic positioning and cultural contributions. The ancient territories of Gauda comprised areas that are now part of Murshidabad, Birbhum, and the western parts of Bardhaman districts. This region, known for its fertile land and prosperous trade routes, emerged as a significant power centre during various dynasties.
Gauda's historical significance is evident through its connection to Pundravardhana, which served as a crucial site for commerce and governance. The texts further delineate Gaudarashtra as encompassing Rarh and Bhurishreshthika, regions noted for their cultural and economic vitality. Archaeological and historical evidence suggests that Lakshmanavati, now a site near Malda district, was integral to Gauda's identity, as highlighted in Jain literature.
The Sena dynasty, one of the prominent rulers of Gauda, adopted the title "Gaudesvara," reinforcing their claim to the region’s heritage. Under the reign of Lakshmansena, Gauda evolved into a flourishing metropolis, with the city emerging as the imperial capital and a second, minor capital established in Nadia. The architectural and administrative advancements during this period set the foundation for subsequent governance in Bengal.
With the onset of Muslim rule, the significance of Gauda persisted, particularly in relation to Lakhnauti, the ruined city in Malda district. The Khilji dynasty later recognized Gauda as a capital, indicating its enduring political relevance. Thus, the Kingdom of Gauda plays a pivotal role in understanding the historical dynamics of Bengal, serving as a focal point for cultural, economic, and political developments in ancient India.