Pheromones are volatile elements produced by a specific species outside of the body to interconnect with individuals of the same species and affect their behavior. Researchers all over the world have recognized and segregated a large number of natural pheromones, many of which are synthesized for being used in insect pest administration. The risk posed to human health due to the continued use of chemical pesticides has raised alarming fears. Hence, farmers and growers have begun to emphasize the usage of naturally created products, thereby boosting the sales of agricultural pheromones. Pheromones have been given an allowance by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), National Organic Program (NOA) for use in insect management, and many synthetic pheromones have been registered as pesticides by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
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With high-tech modernizations and rising agricultural funds, the production of food has increased, but the progress of yields has become an essential aspect concerning global food and agricultural authorities. The decline in yield of the crop produced is prompted by the occurrence of pest species in crops, with no region across the globe exempted from the effects of pest infestations. The challenge posed to crop manufacturers by plant pests is one of the critical factors threatening global food security. The pests have not only been confined to the regions of their origin, but transboundary pest invasion has also been achieving hazardous levels. Globalization, trade, and weather change, as well as concentrated elasticity in production systems, have also played essential parts in crop damage.
Complementarily, the fears of pest infestation in crops come with ill effects of chemical pesticides used in crops, which slow down their growth in the commercial marketplace. Chemical pesticides are found to be extremely toxic, which means that they can cause fatal effects even after a single dose, inhalation, or skin contact. The health effects evident on exposure can be presented as respiratory tract irritation, sore throat or cough, allergic sensation, eye and skin irritation, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, loss of consciousness, extreme weakness, seizures, or death. Alarming concerns pertinent to the safety of chemical pesticides have let agricultural pheromones flourish in the commercial market.
During the time of discovery of agricultural pheromones, their primary use was the detection and monitoring of growing or prevailing pest species in crops. However, with the expansion of their application base, control and treatment have become one primary application of pheromones. Apart from understanding the density of pest population, consumers currently showcase more interest in pest eradication techniques such as lure and kill mating disruption and mass trapping. Chemical pesticides and the adverse health disorders associated with them have helped the agricultural pheromones to be accepted as a lucrative alternative.
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Not only the slowing growth of chemical pesticides but also the benefits which are offered to its consumers by agricultural pheromones such as species specificity have resulted in an efficient pest-eradicating technique with no effect on the environment. Control and treatment have been applied to almost every category of crops that are grown in nearly all around the world, such as fruit and vegetable crops. For example, the method is highly efficient in vegetables such as cabbage and tomato as well as fruits such as apple and pears. Fruit crops are a variety of crops which are grown in almost all part of the world. These are also one of the highly traded crop varieties, making them more prone to transboundary pest infestations.
The fruit manufacturers and processors across the globe face huge losses due to infestation either during the time of their cultivation or their storing, generally. Some of the major fruit-infecting pest categories include spotted crane flies that infect strawberry, common crane flies that infect hop and strawberry, fever flies, and maggots that infect hop and strawberry crops in England and mainland Europe, plum fruit bud midges associated with prunus infestation. Not only the fruit crops but the nuts which are grown majorly in North America are being largely infested by pests. The problems related to the significant infestation by the aforementioned pests lead the global agricultural authorities to increase the adoption of agricultural pheromones in such crops, majorly in almond, walnut, and pistachios.
