Inauguration of the Sardar Sarovar Dam by the Prime Minister on his birthday marks a vital step in harnessing the waters of the Narmada, India’s largest west-flowing river. It is one of the 30 major, 135 medium and nearly 3,000 dams planned for full utilisation of the river’s waters, benefiting Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra and Rajasthan. Large dams are no longer hailed as modern-day temples. They are in bad odour across the world.
China’s Three Gorges Dam invited worldwide criticism. The mood was different when the Amazon was tamed, the Aswan was built across the Nile and Bhakra Nangal came up. The environmental costs of dams were less appreciated and the human cost seen as well worth bearing, for the larger common good.
The height of the Sardar Sarovar dam causes heartburn in Madhya Pradesh, where much of the incremental submergence takes place. Submergence displaces people, mostly poor, sinks cropped land and kills off wild fauna and flora. Yet, India must build large dams, to harness the monsoons’ bounty that drains away. The sum total of benefits across space and time from such dams would far outweigh the costs. But the costs are borne by a relatively small number of people, over a short period of time.
The intensity of their suffering makes anti-dam protests far more vocal than the support from beneficiaries, many of them yet to be born. A striking feature of the Narmada project has been that those whom it displaced received compensation, not everyone nor in full measure. Yet, thanks to the valiant efforts of the Narmada Bachao Andolan, a norm was established that project oustees must be rehabilitated and compensated. That is as vital a benefit as the additional irrigation and power to be produced from the Narmada Valley Project.
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