There are hundreds of species of bacteria that are known to thrive in the gut, making the gut microbiome (intestinal flora) the largest bacterial "reservoir" in the body. A growing body of research has revealed connections between them and host physiology and demonstrated that these tiny creatures have a variety of profound effects on host health, from psychological to physiological.
Making the connection is relatively simple, but figuring out the mechanism has been pretty difficult. Insight into the mechanisms is crucial to understanding how to control gut bacteria to treat or prevent disease.
July 27, 2022—In a new study published in Nature, a team of researchers from Harvard Medical School and led by the Boulder Institute of MIT and Harvard University for the first time connected an important gut bacterium and its effector molecules, signaling pathways, and biological phenotype, opening up new possibilities for developing drugs that use gut bacteria to modulate the immune system and ability to fight disease.
This bacterium is Akkermansia muciniphila, an important genus of commensal bacteria in the human intestine. This Gram-negative anaerobic bacterium accounts for about 3% of the healthy human intestinal flora and they rely on mucin in the intestinal mucus layer for survival. A. muciniphila was discovered in 2004 by Dutch microbiologist Anton DL Akkermans and named after him.
A. muciniphila is essential for keeping the immune system functioning normally.
The prevalence of A. muciniphila is positively correlated with the response to checkpoint inhibitors for cancer immunotherapy that target the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) or programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) pathway, and is negatively correlated with inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, and type 2 diabetes. A. muciniphila induces intestinal adaptive immune responses during T cell subpopulation endostasis, according to a recent study.
However, until now, its molecular mechanism has not been elucidated.
In this new study, the researchers focused on the immunogenicity of A. muciniphila, who investigated molecules with immunomodulatory functions in A. muciniphila through a series of in vitro experiments and identified a diacyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (a15:0-i15:0 PE) with two branched chains, which is a major component of A. muciniphila lipid membranes (about 50%) with a robust dose-response profile for the induction of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and also promotes the release of interleukin 6 (IL-6).
Constitutive analysis showed that the immunogenicity of a15:0-i15:0 PE is dependent on its structural properties and requires communication with toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and toll-like receptor 1 (TLR1) on the surface of immune cells. Moreover, TLR2 and TLR1 are bound together in a non-classical manner. a15:0-i15:0 PE helps the immune system to detect bacteria and recognize them as enemies or friendly by acting on the non-classical TLR2-TLR1 heterodimer.
Subsequently, the researchers replicated the immunomodulatory activity of A. muciniphila in cellular experiments.
It was demonstrated that repeated low doses of a15:0-i15:0 PE reset the activation threshold of dendritic cells and reduced the response to subsequent immune stimuli (e.g., lipopolysaccharide), while high doses of a15:0-i15:0 PE only moderated the strong immune response, thus maintaining immune homeostasis. These results offer a novel molecular mechanism that connects bacteria, effector molecules, signaling pathways, and biological phenotypes to explain the immunomodulatory effects of A. muciniphila.
According to the report published by Allied Market Research, the global biotech ingredients market was pegged at $51.3 billion in 2020 and is estimated to hit $75.3 billion by 2028, registering a CAGR of 4.8% from 2021 to 2028.
The report provides an in-depth analysis of the top investment pockets, top winning strategies, drivers & opportunities, market size & estimations, competitive landscape, and changing market trends.Shift in consumer preference from synthetic to bio-based ingredients and development in biotechnology fuel the growth of the global biotech ingredients market.
On the other hand, limited availability of raw materials restrains the growth to some extent.
However, favorable government policies and technological advancements in bio-engineering are expected to create lucrative opportunities in the industry.Request PDF Brochure: https://www.alliedmarketresearch.com/request-sample/11710COVID-19 scenario-The outbreak of the pandemic has given way to either closure or suspension of production activities in most industrial units across the globe, which has impacted the market negatively.Nevertheless, initiation of mass vaccination in most countries is projected to mend the global situation and market is expected to get back on track soon.The global biotech ingredients market is analyzed across type, product, expression systems, and region.
The biosimilars segment, on the other hand, would exhibit the fastest CAGR of 5.0% during the forecast period.Based on product, the monoclonal antibodies segment contributed to more than one-fifth of the total market revenue in 2020 and is expected to dominate by 2028.
However, the hormones and growth factors segment would cite the fastest CAGR of 5.5% during from 2021 to 2028.Get Detailed COVID-19 Impact Analysis on the Biotech Ingredients Market: https://www.alliedmarketresearch.com/request-for-customization/11710?reqfor=covidBased on region, Europe held the major share in 2020, garnering nearly two-fifths of the global market.
