pH meter is an instrument used to measure acidity or alkalinity of a solution - also know as pH. pH is the unit of measure that describes the degree of acidity or alkalinity. It is measured on a scale of 0 to 14. It's easy to take for granted that pH meters exist and are fairly easy to use. If we think in more historical terms, however, it's actually pretty amazing.
A pH meter is consisted of three different parts: an internal electrode, a reference electrode, and a high input impedance meter. Glass probe often contains the two electrodes -- internal electrode and reference electrode. The internal electrode is a Silver wire covered with Silver Chloride (Ag/AgCl wire), and reference electrode is often made up of the same materials. Inside the probe is a buffer solution at pH of 7. Measured pH is the difference in [H+] between the reference buffer inside the probe and the sample solution.
The pH measurements are made by comparing the pH reading of a sample solution to that of a reference solution with defined pH, such as buffers. Therefore, it is important to calibrate the instrument with appropriate buffer solutions before making any measurements. The figure on the right is a simple depiction of a glass electrode used with pH meters.
An electronic pH meter is used to obtain more accurate pH measurements. A pH meter is an instrument used to measure hydrogen ion activity in solutions - in other words, this instrument measures acidity/alkalinity of a solution. The degree of hydrogen ion activity is ultimately expressed as pH level, which generally ranges from 1 to 14.
This pH measurement is directly related to the ratio of hydrogen ion concentration and hydroxyl ion concentration ([H+] and [OH-], respectively). The general breakdown of pH levels is listed below:
- Neutral solution: pH = 7
- Acidic solution: pH < 7
- Basic solution: pH > 7
A neutral solution will show a pH of 7 due to the equal activities of hydrogen and hydroxide ions. Acidic solutions exhibit pH readings below 7 (higher hydrogen ion activity compared to hydroxide ion activity), and basic (or alkaline) solutions exhibit pH levels above 7 (hydroxide ion activity is greater than that of hydrogen ion).